Bruno doesn't stand up for his friend because he was terrified of Lieutenant Kotler as well Shmuel was. And he knew that if he told the truth he and Shmuel will be in very big trouble.
As a result of Shmuel talking to Bruno inside the house, Shmuel probably got in trouble and was beat very badly or tortured by Lieutenant Kotler.
When Gretel explained to Bruno that they are "Opposites", she meant that Jews are not considered as Germans, instead they are known as "Opposites" and are just kept on the other side of the fence.
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